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Teaching
Syllabus of Human parasitology Experiment
(for
7th-year Program students, School Medicine )
Preface
Parasitology experiment is an
important part of Humam Parasitology, and may combine theory
with practice closely. It not only solidifies the knowledge of
theory, but also need master some shapes, classifical fetures,
life cycles and some techniques of human parasites. It can lay
the foundations of the diagnoses, investigations of
epidemiology and prevention of parasitoses.
The whole experiment period is
24 hours.
Experiment
1 Trematode
1.
Objective and requirements
(1) Understand
the morphological features of the four species trematoda
adult.
(2) Master
the characteristics of the four species trematode egg.
(3) Distinguish
the intermediate host.
(4) Know the miracidia
hatching techniques.
2.
Experimental contents
(1) Clonorchis sinensis
I.
Self observation Adult
of C.sinensis (Slide specimen);
Egg of C.sinensis (Slide specimen)
II. Demonstration Adult
(Gross specimen ); Redia ( Slide specimen ); Cercariae (Slide
specimen) ; Metacercaria ( Slide specimen ); Bithynia.
Parafossarulus ( Gross specimen); Fresh water fish, shrimp (
Gross specimen)
(2)
Paragonimus westermani
I.
Self
observation Egg
of P. westermani ( Slide specimen)
II.Demonstration Adult
worms of P. westermani (Gross specimen and Slide
specimen); Cercaria (Slide specimen);
Metacercaria (Slide specimen); Melania ;crabs, crayfish; Dog lung
infected by lung fluke (Gross specimen)
(3)
Fasciolopsis buski
I.
Self observation Egg
of F. buski (Slide sepcimen)
II. Demonstration Adult
of F .buski (Gross specimen); Adult of F. buski
(Slide, stained specimen) ; Metacercaria
(Slide specimen); Planorbis ; water
caltrop; water
chestnut; water
bamboo
(4)
Schistosoma japonicum
I. Self observation
1) Adult of S.
japonicum (Slide specimen): Male worm ; Female worm; Female
and male in copula
2) Egg of S.
japonicum (Slide specimen)
II. Demonstration: mother
sporocyst (Slide specimen); cercaria(Slide specimen);
Oncomelania; rabbit
mesentery infected with S. japonicum (Gross specimen);
rabbit lung and liver infected with S. japonicum (Gross
specimen)
III.Techniques
1) Concentration of
eggs by sedimentation
2) The miracidia
hatching test
3. Experiment
time 3 hours
Experiment
2 Cestode
1.
Objective and Requirements
(1) Master the
morphology of Taenia and
Hymenolepis nana eggs.
(2)
Understand the morphology of gravid proglottid and cysticercus
of T. solium and T . saginatus.
(3) Recognize the
basic structures of the larva of
Echinococcus granulosus
(4)
Master the morphology of hydatid sand.
(5)
Understand the morphological features of the adult of Hymenolepis nana.
2.
Experimental contents
(1)
Taenia solium & Taenia saginata
I. Self observation
1)
Taenia eggs (Slide specimen)
2) Gravid proglottid (slide
specimen): Gravid proglottid of T.solium; Gravid
proglottid of T. Saginata
3)
Cysticercus (slide specimen)
II.Demonstration
1)
Adult tapeworms of the two species (groos specimen): T.solium;
T.saginata
2)
Scolex (slide specimen): T.solium scolex; T.saginata
scolex.
3)Mature proglottid (Slide specimen): Mature proglottid of T.solium
; Mature proglottid of T.saginata
4)
Gravid proglottid (Groos specimen) T.solium and
T.saginata
5)
Cysticercus of T.solium: (Groos specimen)
6)Bean
pork
(2) Echinococcus granulosus
I.Self observation
Hydatid sand (Slide specimen)
II.Demonstration Adult (stained specimen); Hydatid cyst (groos specimen)
(3) Hymenolepis nana
I.Self observation
Eggs of H.nana (Slide specimen)
II.Demonstration Adult (Gross and Slide specimen)
3.
Experiment
time 3
hours
Experiment
3 Nematoda (1)
1. Objective
and requirements
(1)
Master the difference between adults of Ancylostoma
duodenale and Necator americanus and Enterobius
vermicularis.
(2) Master the
morphology of hookworm eggs, fertilized eggs and
non-fertilized egg and Enterobius vermicularis eggs.
(3) Master the principle
operational procedure and application of brine floatation
technology.
(4) Understand the
shape of Ascaris lumbricoides adults.
(5) Understand the
morphology of Enterobius vermicularis adults.
(6) Master the procedure of
direct smear in fecal examination that is the common
diagnostic method of parasitoses.
(7) Master the method
of Scotch Tape Swab for recovery of
Enterobius vermicularis eggs.
2. Experimental contents
(1) Hookworms
ⅠSelf
observation Eggs
of hookworm (slide specimens)
II.Demonstration
Hookworm adults (gross specimens); The mouths of
hookworm adult (slide specimens); The copulatory spicule of
hookworm males (slide specimens); Filariform larvae of
hookworm (alive specimens)
III.Technique:
1) The method of brine
floatation.
2) Fecal culture for
diagnosis of hookworm
larvae.
(2) Ascaris lumbricoides
ⅠSelf
observation Fertilized
eggs (slide specimens); Unfertilized eggs (slide specimens).
II.Demonstration Ascaris lumbricoides adults; Lips of Ascaris
lumbricoides adults. (slide specimens); Embryonated eggs of Ascaris
lumbricoides (slide specimen); Decorticated eggs of
Ascaris lumbricoides (slide specimens); The larvae in the
mouse lung of Ascaris lumbricoides (pathological
segment); Adult in bile duct of Ascaris lumbricoides
(gross specimens).
III.Technique The method of direct smear.
(3) Enterobius vermicularis
ⅠSelf
observation Enterobius
vermicularis eggs (slide specimens).
II.Demonstration Enterobius vermicularis adults (gross specimens).
III.Technique: Scotch Tape Swab for Enterobius and Taenia eggs.
3. Experiment
time 3
hours
Experiment
4 Nematoda (2)
1.
Objective and requirements
(1) Master the morphology
of Trichuris trichiura eggs and understand the shape of
Trichuris trichiura adults.
(2) Master the
morphological differences between microfilaria of Wuchereria
bancrofti and microfilaria of Brugia malayi.
(3) Understand the
larvea of T.spiralis in striated muscles.
2.
Experimental contents
(1) Trichuris
trichiura
I.Self observation
Trichuris trichiura eggs(slide
specimens).
II.Demonstrsion
Adults (gross specimens); The adults lodged in the
mucosa of pig intestine (gross specimens).
(2) Wuchereria
bancrofti and Brugia malayi
I.Self observation
Microfilaria of W.bancrofti and Microfilaria of B.malayi
II.Demonstrsion Adults
of W.bancrofti and B.malayi (gross
specimens); Filariform (infective) larvae (slide specimens);
Sausage-like larvae (slide specimen,observe under high power).
(3) Trichinella spiralis
I.Self observation
Trichinella spiralis Larvae (slide specimens).
II.Demonstration Trichinella spiralis Adults (slide specimens).
3. Experiment
time 3
hours
Experiment
5
Protozoa（1）
1. Objective
and requirements
(1)
Master the morphological characters of E.histolytica cysts and
trophozoites.
(2) Learn the technique of fecal examination for E.
histolytica trophozoites and cysts.
(3) Master the
morphological characters of
E. coli cyst. Differentiate E. histolytica
from E. coli.
(4)
Master morphological characters of T. vaginalis
stained.
(5) Master the
morphological features of Giardia
lamblia cyst.
2. Experimental contents
(1) Entamoeba histolytica
I. Self
observation Large
trophozite of E. histolytica (iron-haematoxylin
stained); Cyst of E. histolytica (iodine stained)
II.
Demonstration Living
trophozoite; Cyst (iron-haematoxylin stained)
III. Technique Iodine-stained
film
(2) Entamoeba
coli
I.
Self observation Cyst
of E. coli (in iodine stain)
II.
Demonstration Cyst
of E. coli (iron-haematoxylin stained)
(3) Trichomonas vaginalis
I. Self observation
Trophozoites (
Wright’s stained )
II.
Demonstration Living
T. vaginalis
(4) Giardia lamblia
Self
observation Cyst
(iodine stained)
3.
Experiment
time 3
hours
Experiment 6 Protozoa （2）
1.
Objective and requirements
Master
the morphology and differential characters of three Plasmodium
species in the erythrocytic stage.
2.
Experimental contents
Plasmodium
vivax ，Plasmodium
falciparum ，Plasmodium
malariae
I. Self
observation P.
vivax (thin blood film, stained): Ring form; Trophozoite;
Schizont; Gametocyte
II. Demonstration
1) P. vivax, different erythrocytic stages
2) P. falciparum
ring fome.; gametocyte
3) P. malariae
trophozoite
4) Sporozoites
5) Oocysts
3. Experiment
time 2
hours
Experiment
7
Protozoa （3）
1.
Objective and
requirements
(1)
Master the morphological characters of amastigote (L.D.body).
(2)
Understand the morphology of promastigote.
(3) Understand the
morphological characters of Toxoplasma tachyzoite and cyst.
(4)
Understand the morphology of Pneumocystis cysts.
(5) Understand the
morphology of Cryptosporidium oocyst.
2. Experimental contents
(1)
Lishmania donovani
I.Self
observation Amastigotes
(Giemsa’s stained)
II.Demonstration Promastigotes (leptomonads)(Giemsa’s stained,)
(2) Toxoplasma gondii
I.Self
observation Tachyzoite
(Giemsa’s or Wright’s stained)
II.Demonstration
tachyzoite ；Cyst
(3) Pneumocystis carinii
Demonstration Cyst (Giemsa’s or Wright’s stained)
(4) Cryptosporidium
Demonstration Oocyst
3. Experiment
time 3
hours
Experiment
8 Medical
Arthropod (1)
1.
Objective and requirements
(1) Master the main differential features of three mosquito genera (Anopheles,Culex
and Aedes ) in adult and larvae.
(2)
Understand the general morphology of mosquitoes in different
developmental stages.
(3)
Recognize the basic structures of the piercing mouth parts of
the adults.
(4)
Recognize the common morphology of sand fiies (adult P.
chinensis).
(5)
Observe the morphology of sand flies in different
deverlpmental stages.
2. Experimental contents
(1)
Mosquitoes
I.Self
observation
1)
Adult mosquitoes : Anopheles (Species: Anopheles hyrcanus
sinensis ); Culex ( Species: Culex pipiens
pallens ), Aedes( Species: Aedes albopictus )
2)
Larvae (slide specimens): Anopheles larva ;Culex larva ; Aedes
larva
II
.Demonstration
1)
Mosquito proboscis (slide specimen)
2)
Eggs (slide speciments): Anopheles eggs; Culex eggs; Aedes
eggs
3)
Pupae (slide specimens): Anopheles pupa; Culex pupa; Aedes
pupa
4)
The mosquito in different developmental stages(living, Aedes)
(2)
Sand flies
I.
Self observation Phlebotomun
chinensis
II.
Demonstration
1)
Adult
(1)
External genitalia of male (slide specimens): P.chinensis;
P. mongolensis
(2)
Spermatheca of female (slide specimens): P.chinensis:maize
; P.mongolensis
(3)
Pharyngeal armature (slide specimens): P.chinensis; P.mongolensis
2)
Egg (slide specimen)
3)
Larvae (slide specimen)
4)
Pupa (slide specimen)
3. Experiment
time 2 hours
Experiment 9
Medical Arthropod
(2)
1.
Objective and requirements
(1)
Recognize the morphological features of flies in different
developmental stages .
(2)
Understand the general characters of common house flies.
(3) Understand the relationship between the morphological features of
flies and transmission of disease.
(4)
Recognize the general features of fleas in different
developmental stages.
(5)
Understand the main identification points of fleas.
(6)
Recognize the general morphlogy of two species lice and bed
bugs.
(7)
Recognize the morphological features of adult ticks.
(8)
Understand the distinction between of hard ticks and soft
ticks.
(9)
Recognize the general morphology of Sarcoptes scabiei
and 2 species of Demodex.
2.
Experimental contents
(1)
Flies
I.
Self observation Adult
(mounted on insect needle) : Musca domestica vicina ;
Chrysomyia megacephala; Lucilia sericata ; Bellieria melanura
II.
Demonstration
1)
Head of Musca domestica vicina (slide specimen)
2)
Legs (slide specimen)
3)
Larva, posterior spiracles (slide specimen):
4)
Different stages in the life cycle ( gross specimens,): Egg,
larva, pupa and adult.
5)
Head of stotomoxys calcitrans (slide specimen,): mouth parts
of piercing type.
(2)
Fleas
I.Self
observation Adult
flea (slide specimen): Pulex irritans (slide specimen);
Xenopsylla cheopis ( slide specimen) ; Ctenocephalides felis (
slide specimen )
II.
Demonstration Adult
( gross specimen); Egg
(slide specimen); Larva
(slide specimen); Pupa ( slide specimen); Leptopsylla segnis (
slide specimen)
(3)
Lice
I.
Self observation Body
louse (slide specimen)
II. Demonstration Adult (Body
louse); Nymph (slide specimen); Pubic louse (slide specimen);
Egg (slide specimen)
(4)
Bedbug
I.Self
observation Adult
(slide specimen)
II.
Demonstration Adult
(gross specimen); Nymph (slide specimen ); Egg (slide
specimen,)
(5)
Ticks
Demonostration
Hard ticks ( or Ixodidae ) adult (gross,specimen); Hard
ticks adult - Ixodes persulcatus (Slide specimen ); Capitulum
or false head of hard ticks adult (Slide specimen ); Soft
ticks or Agasidae (Slide and gross specimen ); Larve (Slide
specimen ); Nymph (Slide specimen ); Egg (slide specimen )
(6)
Mites
Demonstration
Adult-Sarcoptes scabiei (slide specimen) ; Adult -
Demodex (slide specimen ): D. folliculorumand and D. brevis
3. Experiment
time 2 hours
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